Flammable, Inflammable, Nonflammable Which Are Right

The adjectives flammable and inflammable mean exactly the same thing: easily set on fire and capable of burning quickly. Metaphorically speaking, inflammable also can mean easily angered or excited. Of the two terms, the older word for something capable of burning is inflammable, but early in the 20th century the word flammable was coined as a synonym for inflammable. The adjective nonflammable means not easily set on fire. How to Use Inflammable Despite beginning with in-, inflammable does mean burnable, and it has since at least 1605, according to the Oxford English Dictionary The prefix in- can make a word negative, as in incapable, inflexible, and incompetent, but it also can add emphasis, as in invaluable, inflame, and intense. The prefix also can mean within, as in incoming, inbreeding, and infighting. The in- of inflammable, called an intensive or an intensifier, is of the emphatic type. But people came to believe that the prefix was confusing, which could be dangerous in emergency signage, so inflammable is falling out of use. How to Use Flammable Flammable, the new kid on the block, didnt appear in print until more than 300 years later. In the 1920s, the National Fire Protection Association began using flammable instead of inflammable, which it thought was confusing because of the negative-sounding beginning of the word. Insurance companies and fire-safety advocates soon agreed. In 1959, the British Standards Institution announced that, to avoid ambiguity, its policy was to encourage use of the terms flammable and nonflammable instead of inflammable and nonflammable. So which word should a careful writer use? According to Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language, by Patricia T. OConner and Stewart Kellerman: History may be on the side of inflammable, but common sense wins here. If you want to be sure youre understood—say, the next time you see a smoker about to light up near a gas pump—go with flammable. But inflammable hasnt disappeared. Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage reports that, though both forms still are used, flammable seems to be less common in British English than in American English and inflammable is more common. In figurative uses, inflammable still serves a purpose. How to Use Nonflammable For a time, a substance that couldnt easily catch fire was referred to as being noninflammable. Nonflammable began to replace that term as flammable become more prominent for the sake of clarity. So nonflammable is the word of choice for careful writers, especially those working in a public safety capacity. Examples Here are some sample sentences illustrating the differences among the three words, incorporating the demise of the word inflammable except for figurative purposes: Flammable or combustible liquids should not be stored in stairways or in areas used for exits. Here flammable means the same thing as combustible.The Douglas fir and the giant sequoia of western North America have developed thick, nonflammable bark to insulate the living tissue from the heat of the flames. In this example nonflammable means resistant to burning.Since Bill was fired, he has become inflammable about workers rights and loses control in arguments on the topic. In this case, inflammable doesnt mean burnable; it means easily excited or angered. To most experts, its the only remaining appropriate use for inflammable. How to Remember the Difference Flammable should now be the obvious choice for burnable. The first syllable looks like flame, and thats what it means: Capable of going up in flames. One way to remember to use it instead of inflammable is that its a simpler word, and simpler often is best. Inflammable isnt incorrect, but its imprecise, and that could be dangerous. Nonflammable also should be the obvious choice: non (not) plus flammable, meaning it wont burn. Sources Flammable vs. Inflammable. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/flammable-or-inflammable.OConner, Patricia T., and Kellerman, Stewart. Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language. Random House, 2010.

Slavery Is The Act Of Owning Slaves - 810 Words

First off what is slavery? Slavery is the act of owning slaves. What is a slave? A slave is the property of another and is forced into free labor. A slave can be sold, bought or traded between people, specifically whites. They were humans who were emotionally and physically abused. Slavery was a form of beastiality that continued in the United States for 245 years before it was abolished. Slavery being abolished is credited to many people, such as Quakers, militant white reforms, and free African Americans. Most were part of antislavery groups. There was a wide variety of antislavery organizations that people took apart in, such as the American Colonization Society, Antislavery Society, etc., they were all a part of the abolitionist†¦show more content†¦He wanted his readers to learn the terror of slavery couldn’t go on any longer, Douglass’s narrative contained many reasons why slavery should be abolished by using Douglass’s life as a prime example. Douglass was born a slave. His mother was also a slave, while his father was her master. His birth itself is an example of how many African American woman were raped by their master. Throughout the narrative, Douglass gives examples of brutality in American slavery that happen to him and what he witnessed. Such as, the beating of his Aunt that traumatized him. Douglass being able to put that into written words all began with his owners Hugh and Sophia Auld. The Auld family were first time slave owners, not knowing how to act anything but kind to people, Sophia treated young Douglass well. She started to teach him the ABCs, how to spell and read, until her husband demanded she stop. â€Å"He said if you teach that ni----- (speaking of myself) how to read, there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no good value to his master.† The words of Hugh Auld transformed his wife. Sophia stopped being kind to Douglass and turned into a cruel slave owner. Douglass argued how slavery turned people into monsters, using Sophia as an example. This important because this is when Douglass wasn’t so ignorant on the oppression of slavery. He was becoming wiser andShow MoreRelatedSlavery Is Not Legal Now939 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Slavery, according to Merriam Webster means â€Å"the practice of owning slaves†. ïÆ'ŸïÆ'ŸïÆ'Ÿ This means owning people against their will and not paying them. Slavery has been around since 1916, when the first settlers of Jamestown brought with them their slaves. Slavery also has been a debate ever since the declaration of independence, when Thomas Jefferson tried to abolish slavery but North Carolina disagreed. Owning slaves back at the time was a sign of wealth and power. The slave trade important toRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe term slavery refers to â€Å"When a person (called master) has absolute power over another (called slave) including life and liberty†.As stated by duhaime.org, The new phenomenon or term, â€Å"slave mentality†, stems from the early existence of slavery and how slavery continues to affect the mindset of the new generation. According to the blog, The Last Civil Right, slave mentality is when â€Å"a person conditioned to quietly and without objection, accept harmful circumstances for themselves as the naturalRead MoreThe Known World by Edward Jones Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagesoutlook on pre-Civil War slavery is portrayed in Edward Jones novel The Known World. Unlike many well-known novels that cover slavery, Jones chose to focus on the thoughts and emotions of both the slaves and slave-owners and how they interact with each other. 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The color of a man’s skin did not keep him from fighting for freedom in the wars that took place in America, although it was a way white people sought to justify their mistreatment of them. Slaves were viewed as inferior beings by southern whites and as the abolition move ment gained momentum in the north, the slave owners began to see northernersRead MoreThe State Of Virginia By Thomas Jefferson1277 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson created two facades when it came to racism and slavery. Thomas Jefferson had a personal history with slavery and owning a plantation, but in certain instances he appeared to support equality like in his letter to Benjamin Banneker. Different texts like Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson with the related documents edited by David Waldstreicher, and Banneker and Jefferson Letter Exchange are examples of the hypocrisy committed by Jefferson. This connects to modern dayRead MoreThomas Jefferson s Influence On Modern Day Democracy1616 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson’s Influence on Modern Day Democracy and Racism Thomas Jefferson created two facades when it came to racism and slavery. Thomas Jefferson had a personal history with slavery and owning a plantation, but in certain instances he appeared to support equality like in his letter to Benjamin Banneker. Different texts like Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson with the related documents edited by David Waldstreicher, and Banneker and Jefferson Letter Exchange are examples ofRead MoreEssay on Frederick Douglass Rhetoric Analysis1236 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Slave, in order to do just that- to establish the truth behind slavery and advocate for freedom. In his narrative, Douglass uses diction, structure, imagery, and other stylistic elements to persuade people of the evils that slavery inflicts on both sides of society. In order to reveal the truth behind slavery, Douglass demonstrates his point through his use of diction and structure. Through his diction, Douglass uses words to illustrate the barbarity and inhumanity of slavery. For instanceRead MoreEssay about Colonists Harsh Control Over Subservients Rights1124 Words   |  5 Pagesonly being provided for rich, white, land- owning males. Over the 17th and 18th centuries, events such as Bacons Rebellion, The Great Awakening, and The Stono Slave Revolt came to advocate for the rights of slaves, the biggest group in society, that had no rights. Slavery, while it existed in America, was a practice based on the chattel principle. Slaves were treated as human chattel to be traded

Injustice Anywhere Free Essays

string(36) " from cruel and unusual punishment\." Injustice Anywhere is a Threat to Justice Everywhere Sabeen Ijaz Ahmed B. B. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Injustice Anywhere or any similar topic only for you Order Now T. (Hons) 4th Year, GIFT University This article won the first prize (Rs. 25,000 cash) in the 2nd Annual All Pakistan Essay Writing Competition held by Quaid-e-Azam Law College. â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. † These powerful words were penned in a letter from a prison cell of Birmingham Jail in 1963, by one of America’s best known advocate of equal rights – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. According to him, all humans are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Before we make society understand the need of justice in this essay lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required and as, overwhelmingly important: justice can be thought of as distinct from, and more important than, benevolence, charity, mercy, generosity or compassion. All of these things may be valuable, but they are supererogatory rather than required. We need to know more than this: we need to know what justice is, not merely what it is not, and several answers to that problem have been proposed.. Justice is linked, both etymologically and conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for one’s beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification – the source or basis – of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its overwhelming importance. Justice becomes more essential for Islamic country like our due to the emphasis of Islamic teachings on justice. As it is said in Quran: â€Å"God enjoins justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbids indecency and abomination and wickedness. † [Surah Nahl; 16:90] Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of revelation and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Thus, one of the early scholars of Islam has said that: â€Å"Where the signs of Justice appear and its face is shown in any way that is where the Law of God and His religion are found. † Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own self and our kith and kin, for love too can lead to injustice. â€Å"O you who believe! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin† [Surah Nisa; 4: 135] â€Å"And if you give your word, you must be just, even though it be against your kin, and fulfill the covenant of God. For that is what He has commanded you that you may remember. † [Surah An’am; 6: 152] The fear of committing injustice may even prevent the doing of an act that is otherwise permissible. In fact one of the derived principles of the Shar’iah is that all permissible things are permissible provided that no damage or harm results to others from their practice and that in the event that such damage or harm is -suspected or confirmed, the permissible shall be prohibited to avert such damage or harm. Issues of justice arise in several different spheres and play a significant role in causing, perpetuating, and addressing conflict. Just institutions tend to instill a sense of stability, well-being, and satisfaction among society members, while perceived injustices can lead to dissatisfaction, rebellion, or revolution. Each of the different spheres expresses the principles of justice and fairness in its own way, resulting in different types and concepts of justice; distributive, procedural, retributive, and restorative. These types of justice have important implications for socio-economic, political, civil, and criminal justice at both the national and international level. Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available. Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability of a society and the well-being of its members. When issues of distributive justice are inadequately addressed and the item to be distributed is highly valued, intractable conflicts frequently result. Procedural justice is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes that ensure â€Å"fair treatment. † Rules must be impartially followed and consistently applied in order to generate an unbiased decision. If people believe procedures to be fair, they will be more likely to accept outcomes, even ones that they do not like. Implementing fair procedures is central to many dispute resolution procedures, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. Retributive justice appeals to the notion of â€Å"just dessert† – the idea that . people deserve to be treated in the same way they treat others. It is a retroactive approach that justifies punishment as a response to past injustice or wrongdoing. The central idea is that the offender has gained unfair advantages through his or her behavior, and that punishment will set this imbalance straight. While it is difficult to give a complete and adequate definition of justice, most observers can recognize clear examples of serious injustice when they arise. Such injustice comes in various forms, wherever the norms of distributive justice, procedural justice, or human rights are violated. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. You read "Injustice Anywhere" in category "Papers" Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. If voting or litigation procedures, for example, are perceived to be unjust, any outcome they produce is liable to be unstable and produce conflict. In addition,; any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. The highly-publicized rape case of Mukhtaran Mai, also referred to as Mukhtar Mai or Mukhtaran Bibi, highlights the Pakistani government’s shortcomings in dealing with violence against women and its persecution of rape victims. In 2002, Mukhtaran was sentenced to be gang raped by a tribal council in the province of Punjab as punishment for her younger brother’s alleged affair with a woman from a powerful clan. After the initial trial, six men were sentenced to death for the gang rape, while eight others were acquitted. However, last June, the Punjab High Court overturned five of the convictions and reduced the sixth to a life sentence. Mukhtaran Mai received donations adding up to $160,000 from New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristoff’ s coverage of the case. Mukhtaran has used the money to open two schools in her village, a shelter for abused women and provide her village with an ambulance. When Mukhtaran was invited to the United States to talk about her case, the Pakistani government – fearing hat she would malign the country’s image abroad – denied her travel visa to the United States, and placed her under house arrest. Only -fallowing great international attention and pressure was the travel ban lifted. While Pakistan’s High Court suspended the acquittals of Mukhtaran’s rapists and will be re-examining the case, the government’s lassi tude in amending the Hudood Ordinances – which place insurmountable obstacles for women to safely and successfully obtain justice in their rape cases – foments an environment in which violence is perpetrated against women with virtual impunity. If women are unable to prove rape under the Hudood law, which requires four adult Muslim males to have witnessed the crime or the confession of the rapist himself, then the victims themselves may be tried for adultery or fornication. Mukhtaran is not the only victim of our political injustice. According to press reports cited by the Pakistan Human Rights Commission, a non-governmental organization, more than 10,000 women are raped every year in Pakistan, although the real figure is thought to be much higher. As in all countries, women are often reluctant to report rape, for social reasons as well as distrust of the judicial process. In Pakistan, there are additional legal barriers to pursuing a rape conviction. The rape law itself, one of the offenses of zina under the Hudood Ordinances, requires either the confession of the perpetrator or the eye-witness testimony of at least four Muslim adult male witnesses to the rape. If she is unable to prove rape, a woman who reports rape to the police is vulnerable to prosecution herself under the Hudood Ordinances for fornication if she is unmarried or adultery if she is married. In addition to these formidable legal barriers to the prosecution of rape, there have been several reports of police involvement in rapes and gang-rapes and of police protection of those accused of rape, particularly when they are from influential families. Women who have been raped are also at risk of â€Å"honor† killings, whereby a male relative kills them because they are thought to have dishonored the family’s name in the community by transgressing social norms, which is seen to include having been raped. It has been estimated that on average one thousand â€Å"honor† killings take place each year in Pakistan. Even the Pakistan Government’s National Commission on the Status of Women has recommended repeal of the Hudood Ordinances on the grounds that they are discriminatory towards women and not in accordance with Islamic injunctions. They are also contrary to the Convention on the Elimination of ; All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) , to which Pakistan is a party, and to the Constitution of Pakistan, which states at Article 25 that â€Å"(1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled for equal protection of law. (2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone. Crimes of honor are a pre-Islamic practice deeply rooted in the tribal societies of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) where Upper Dir is located, Balochistan province, as well as those of Sindh and Punjab where they are called â€Å"karo kari†. In these rigidly patriarchal communities, wives, daughters, sisters and mothers are killed for the least sexual indiscretion and upon the slightest suspicion of adultery. Murders in the name of honor fall under the purview of the customary ‘qisas and diyat’ law. Riddled with flaws, it makes prosecution extremely difficult. Activists have been urging the government to reform the law but a bill seeking to bolster secular law against honor killings, presented in parliament last year, was defeated as un-Islamic. â€Å"Drastic changes are needed,† Rakshanda Naz, resident director of Aurat Foundation told IPS. â€Å"The social mind-set, specially the attitude of the courts, needs to change. Often the courts adopt a lenient view towards an accused on the grounds of â€Å"grave and sudden provocation† which is nowhere in the law,† she added. Sections of the qisas and diyat law work to the advantage of the accused in the trial and appellate stages. Under section 309 of the law, an adult wall (legal heir) of a deceased could use his right of qisas (to forgive the accused). Similarly, under section 310, the offence of murder is made a compoundable offence and any heir of a deceased could forgive an accused by compounding his right of qisas after receiving compensation.. Since in most honor-related murders, either a husband or parents are the heirs of the slain woman and as the murder takes place in connivance with almost all the family members, they prefer to waive their right of qisas and pardon the accused. Each time, the judicial response has appeared to violate the basic principles of justice, activists observed. Uzma Mehboob, a women’s rights activist, said no FIR was registered in a recent case in a remote hamlet in NWFP’s Mardan district where a powerful landowner sprayed his daughter and driver, who had eloped together, with bullets. Economic injustice involves the state’s failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available in that society. Many scholars and activists note that in order to truly address injustice internationally, we must strive to understand its underlying causes. These causes have to do with underdevelopment, economic pressures, various social problems, and international conditions. Indeed, the roots of repression, discrimination, and other injustice stem from deeper and more complex political, social, and economic problems. It is only by understanding and ameliorating these root causes and strengthening civil society that we can truly protect human rights. Addressing political injustice is often a matter of developing institutions of fair governance, such as a responsible police force and judiciary. Legislative action and executive decision-making should likewise be held accountable. Such measures are sometimes a matter of reforming state institutions or revising state constitution. In cases where some groups are excluded from political participation, the state can remedy violations of political rights by promoting political inclusion and empowering subordinate groups. Public decision-making should respond to the will of the citizens, and members of the society should have the opportunity to participate in the formulation, execution, and monitoring of state policies. In other words, a culture of political involvement and public participation should be fostered. In addition, there are various social structural changes that might give groups more social, economic, and/or political power. This is often accomplished through the strengthening of the economy and civil society in conjunction with democratization efforts. In some cases countries require outside assistance for election monitoring, nation-building programs and the development of governmental infrastructure to make their political system more stable. Addressing systemic economic injustice is often a matter of economic reforms that give groups better access to jobs, health care, and education. In many cases, lack of access to basic services stems from enormous inequalities in resource distribution. Redistribution of benefits and resources can thus-‘ be an important component of social structural changes to remedy injustice. There are various institutional and economic development reforms that might be put in place to raise living standards and boost economic growth. In addition, by creating social and economic safety nets, states can eliminate tension and instability caused by unfair resource allocation. A central goal of responding to injustice is paving the way for future peace. Once conflict has ended and policies of oppression have been repealed, society members face the task of rebuilding their society. Many believe that measures aimed at restorative justice are well-suited for this task. Restorative Justice is concerned with healing wounds of victims and repairing harm done to interpersonal relationships and the community. It can play a crucial role in responding to severe human rights violations or cases of genocide. Huge advances are made when governments tell the truth about past atrocities carried out by the state. It is thought that true healing equires remembering the atrocities committed, repenting, and forgiving. War crimes inquiries and truth commissions can aid in the process of memory and truth telling and help to make public the extent to which victims have/suffered. One of the tragic examples of restorative injustice in Pakistan is of the incident of taking away Masihs children away from him. According to the law, all parents in Pakistan â⠂¬â€œ including Christian parents such as the Masihs – have the right to raise their children in their own faith. But the law isn’t always followed in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Particularly when it comes to Christians. The girls were taken Jan. 25 by the family’s landlady and her husband with police escorts. The couple contended that the children had converted to Islam and should no longer remain in a Christian home. The Masihs maintain that their daughters are still Christians, no matter what anyone says, and that even if they did convert to Islam, they should stay with their parents. But 14-year-old Nadia, 11-year-old Nyla and 9-year-old Nabila are gone, and it’s unclear whether they’ll ever be allowed to return home. The city magistrate overseeing the case admits he decided against the Christians not on the basis of law but on public sentiment and a concern that he could have a religious riot on his hands. â€Å"Legally speaking, they should have been given to their parents,† says Kamran? Abdullah Siddiqi, leaning back in a cushioned chair in his office, where two armed policeman sit against a wall. But Siddiqi says if he did that, â€Å"Some crazy person would come and say these are the children of Islam. They’d say we’re going to chop you. We’re going to shoot you. We’re going to – what did the KKK used to say in America? – lynch you. † Article 36 of Pakistan’s Constitution promises to safeguard the rights and interests of religious minorities. But human rights organizations say that’s not happening. The U. S. State Department agrees, citing a government-fostered â€Å"atmosphere of religious intolerance† that has led to violence against religious minorities. In Pakistan, 97 percent of the population is Muslim; the rest is made up mostly of Christians but also of Hindus, Buddhists and other groups. Partly at the prodding of concerned American Christian groups, the U. S. Congress earlier this month passed legislation requiring the president to take action against nations that engage in a pattern of religious persecution. In the 1980s, the United States gave Pakistan billions of dollars for economic development. But in recent years, concern that Pakistan was developing a nuclear bomb has prompted sanctions, slashing aid to the millions of dollars, most of it for humanitarian, food and counter narcotics efforts. Pakistan’s decision to test nuclear weapons in – May – further cooled US – Pakistan relations. Pakistan’s pattern of religious persecution, documented for years in State Department reports, could lead to further sanctions. This is not the only case, there are still many stories but the need here is not just to highlight the stories but also to make sure these stories end up with the mess they have already poured in our Islamic society. Restoration often becomes a matter of restitution or war reparations. In cases where clear acts of injustice have taken place, some type of compensation package can help to meet the material and emotional needs of victims and remedy the injustice. Repentance can also help to re-establish relationships among the conflicting parties and help them to move toward reconciliation. In some cases, conflicts can end more peacefully when parties acknowledge their guilt and apologize than when formal war crimes adjudication or criminal proceedings are used. In cases of civil war, because the line between offenders and victims can become blurred, a central goal of peace building is to restore the community as a whole. Restoration often becomes tied to the transformation of the relationship between the conflicting parties. However, such restoration cannot take place unless it is supported by wider social conditions and unless the larger community makes restorative processes available. Many note that an adequate response to injustice must involve social structural changes, reconstruction programs to help communities ravaged by conflict, democratization and the creation of institutions of civil society. Only then can the underlying causes of injustice be remedied. Summing up my thesis I would only add that by setting examples of injustice we are actually creating fear in the society to fight for their basic rights. This fear is one of the major causes of our poor economy and this is the vital reason, why we are left behind from other countries. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1)http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/address_in justice/ 2)http://www. spectrezine. org/global/Bello. htm 3)Pakistan, G. (2003). Accelerating Economic Growth and Reducing Poverty: The Road Ahead. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan. 4)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_justice 5)http://www. injusticefilm. co. uk/impactofinjustice. htm 1 6)http://www. himalmag. com/2006/may/analysis_3. html 7)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Justice 8)http://www. pakistanchristianpost. com/newsviewsdetail s. php? newsid=255 9)http://www. wisdomquotes. com/cat_conscience. html 10)http: //prague. usembassy. gov/060117__mlk. html 11)http://www. equalitynow. org/english/urgent/urgent_muk htaranmai en. html How to cite Injustice Anywhere, Papers

Big Data Analytics In Australia Post- Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the Big Data Analytics in Australia Post. Answer: Introduction The world of business has been experiencing a great never before explosion of massive data in very large scale. And a million dollar worth question is, how is that data used to achieve various objectives of the businesses. Every marketing department in the organizations looks at this large scale data to exploit the market in the best possible extent to increase its segment of sales and profit from the existing market. As sending text messages to the users would not be enough effective to bring the customers to the premises of the organizations, to buy the product and subscribe for the services, marketers now look at the huge database to make the customers enough captive of the products, services, offers and discounts. Australia Post Australia post or Australian Postal Corporation in full form, is government owned corporation, which is owned by Commonwealth of Australia. The Australia Postal services were started in 1809 and currently are in operations in over 4429 metropolitan retail outlets, with its 2561 retail outlets present in remote and rural areas. It provides the postal services in entire Australia as well as in overseas territories. AP has the revenue of A$6.37 billion, by 2015. The head office of the AP is located in Bourke Street, Melbourne, which also provides the services of post office. Big Data Analytics It is important to understand what is Big Data and what is Big Data Analytics, when considered from the business perspective by the business organizations. Big data is a huge and larger data sets or database that is very complex that the data processing applications traditionally used in current. The term Big Data is often relates and simply elaborates the predictive analysis usage and several advanced methods towards extracting the useful information from the larger sets of data. Big data has been the target of the organizations, especially, national and multinational large scale organizations, towards converting the potential data base into customer database and it can be made possible, as the accuracy in data sets could lead to making the decisions that are more viable, confident and statistically supportive. These decisions can result in reduction in cost, reduction in risk and increase in the operational frequency. Having understood the potentiality of the data sets from Big Data, many organizations have spent billions of dollars in the information technology towards specializing the analytics and data management services. Examples of various commercial business organizations that have benefited from the Big Data analytics are Australia Post, Walmart, IBM, SAP, HP, Microsoft, Dell, EMC, Oracle Corporations, etc. Big Data Analytics In Australia Post Australia Post is the largest postal service of Australia and implemented the analytics services of big data to improve the spending habits of the customers that has helped the company for optimizing the campaigns of marketing. The operations of Australia Post are in three core areas, Parcels and logistics services Letters and associated services Agency services and retail merchandise First Step Australia Post launched the services through digital, called Digital Mailbox, to communicate through a secure website. Future Ready Strategy Future Ready strategy was announced in February 2010 by Ahmed Fahour, who had been appointed as CEO and MD of the Australia Post Corporation. It has included the structure of new organization and also a renewed foray into a new business trend, digitally, under the strategic business unit, eServcies. However, AP announced losses occurring first time in 30 years, in September 2015. The company experienced a loss of $381 million was caused from the huge decline in stamped and addressed mail and also in the mail delivery. However, parcel delivery contributed and accounted for near to half of the overall revenue. The loss was A$222 million that had been down from the profit of $116 from the previous year. Australia Post continues to widen and broaden its range of services and products and continue to invest in the advanced and sophisticated technology, like Big Data and Predictive Analysis. Customer Address According to Australia Post, the geographical address of the customer in the database is often considered as a key attribute that can be easily applied to the respective record of the customer, from the vast customer database. It is considered as one of the best-structured and robust data elements that can be easy to work with and also creates a standardising data avenue. Australia Post has initially has established and set the standards of industry for storing, managing and matching the data of the customer that was centric to the geographical address of the customer. As a part of this standardization, AP had released the PAF (Personal Address File). Now the huge customer base is very well validated and cleansed against the PAF and it has been embedded within the unique household identifier of the Australian Post, which is a DPID (Delivery Point Identifier). The DPID as a Potential Match Key The DIPD of the Australia Post has been applied to each of the address and the process of linking the disparate datasets that have the addresses. The AP corporation has spent enough every year on customer data integration, data hygiene as the data simplified in this process helps the company to present greater benefits for its business. The DPID can possibly appended through the software that is accredited by the AMAS (Address Matching Approval System). Minimum match of about 99.6% is to be achieved and to be allowed and accredited towards commercializing their software. When a record is matched, then DPID would be returned with random code of eight digit and stands unique to the PAFs address record. There is a certain process to achieve the AMAS accreditation. It needs the best possible ways of breed probabilistic matching to the rules and requireents of the businesses that are precise and comprehensive. After completion of th is process and after DPID is appended, then the DPID is considered to be an important and primary match key to adopt deterministic techniques for matching the disparate data sources. Eventually, it requires that the databases that are sought to be matched would be based on the address and it has to be processed through the software called, AMAS accredited software. However, in the cases that the unstructured data is to be data, such as non-address related data, and other transactional information, it becomes necessary for the integrator of data to identify various ways of matching it to the geography. Understanding of the ways to ink the data back to the geographical and physical address enables to integrate the entire customer data. If it can be modelled to a CCD (Census Collector District), store or state catchment area, postcode and each of the attributes of the address can very well appended to the DPID and consistent unstructured data linkage can be done towards the structured data. Prior to this, at Australia Post, processing of files used to be done, with the accuracy less than 60 percent. However, the possible error rates are decreased and the accuracy has been increasing to more than 95%, after applying the Personal Address file. The software analyse the change of the address by the Australians. The data says that there are about three million Australian shift their houses to new addresses. Changing of the physical address has been a challenge to the company. However, it has gained the ability to track the changed address of Australians, through Mail Redirection Service. The service is enabled to ensure that the mail received by the customer, who shifted his or her house, the mail will be automatically forwarded to the new shifted location of the customer. And such facilitation has helped the company to become hassle free. Barcoding to Data Quality After the PAF is released by the Australia Post, many of the databases about the customers were very poor and used to devoid the standards that the release of the initial files processing was done through the AMAS designed, were PAF and the final achievements could match about 60%. It indicates that the 40% of the customer records extracted were inaccurate. However, the customer databases used today have become the regular PAF users through the AMAS accredited software to achieve more than 95% of accuracy in terms of matching. This dramatic transformation has been resulted by enablement of PAF through accurate and comprehensive customer base centric data that support clear business data management applications, clear business rules and functional standards. Accuracy Beyond 5% Australia Post has recognized that the accessibility of the PAF has to be increased so that the challenges and needs of the big data world can be assisted and fulfilled. A set of offers that are enriched and designed to suite data package that the teams of the customer relationship management and marketers have to enrich and integrate their assets of data towards generation of the insights and it would allow superior marketing ROI (Return On Investment). Predictive Analysis Forecasts of manual cash flow are things of the Australia Post in the past, that includes two software package implementation that crunch the data towards the production of the forecasting reports, daily, monthly and annually. According to Armand Mizan, Astralia Post Business Analytics manager, the previous manual forecasting used to take much more time, even weeks for producing the reports and still the final report was not accurate. Apart from that the staff of Australia Post had little visibility of agency cash flow movement. The company becomes as an agent, for the companies, like telecommunications, ATO (Australian Tax Office) and utility providers. The payements were recived online as well as the retail outlets that are close to 4500. According to Mizan, there was about $50 billion worth payments were done for each year. To overcome the manual cash flow forecasting problem, Australia Post had decided to go for SPSS Predictive Analysis software, developed by the IBM, along with the Cognos TM1 enterprise planning software. They had a model of monthly cash flow that was based on data of actual figures. It would populate then, the cash flow daily through a translation. By using that, the agency stated the forecasting model that is produced with the help of SPSS and these results were sent back towards TM1. For checking and determining the accuracy of SPSS in providing the information, Australia Post has taken the reference of historical data that was collected from August 2011 to October 2011 and then applied in the software towards producing the results and reports. According to Mizan, the forecast done with the help of SPSS was compared against the actual data in the year 2011, the accuracy level achieved was 95 to 98 percentage. Business Outcomes And now Australia Post has completely integrated the actuals and has been forecasting the actuals monthly cash flows for following 4 years. Finally, both the daily and monthly cash flow models have been aligned completely. In addition that, there is also improved agency financial data visibility that the company had not before. Technical Difficulties However, according to Mizan, TM1 and SPSS project has its own teething problems. For instance, when the dates of transactions and agency settlements, the data it has taken out from the general ledger started reflecting the data of transaction. But, this date appears varied from the when the actual cash settlement was done. This settlement date was quite important during the forecast of the cash flows. So, to overcome this challenge, Australia Post applied lags for the transactions to finally reach at the required settlement dates. There was also another challenge, according to Mizan. The challenge was the effect of the special events and public holidays of territory and state based. The SPSS software needed to take the holidays and special events into account and, so the forecasting model is entered with the calendar of holidays. Future Uses Austrlia Post having tasted the fruits of the predictive analytics, the company has been looking to scale up the projects with additional analytics, in addition to the analytics that have already active. Australia Post has been exploring currently, to extend the use of SPSS in the forecasting of the daily revenue by retail outlet individually and detection and prevention of the fraud. Since Australia Post is the largest retailer in Australia, the fraud risk would be significant. So, the company looks to detect the fraud of the credit card in its retail outlets that are more than 4500. Apart from the fraud detection, Australia Post wants to implement TM1 by the sales and marketing staff for the purpose of customer analysis, for understanding, the details about the customers of the company, the products and services that they are buying, habits of them and also to identify the churn of the customers. Australia Post started evaluating several ways to deploy and use the predictive analysis throughout its organization. The future plans include daily customer sales prediction, reduction of the customer churn through gaining improved insights into the interactions and predicting the products profitability. Specifically, it is looking at customer churn in the business of parcels, according to Mizan. As the business fo the mail has been declining and parcels will be the current and future growth in the company. So, protecting the market of parcel business market and terminating the churning of the customers is noted as a higher position in the list of priority. According to Mizan, automating the armaguard cars sending process down to the retail branches of the company towards the collection of the cash, after the amount reaches on a specific threshold is also listed in the priority list, by using predictive analysis. It is important as there is a lot of money need to be collected at the network of retailers. Another significant shift the company is looking for is a giant jump with the social media analytics using the same SPSS, which can be very well suitable. However, setting and implementing the new technologies in all of the new adapting methods are to be looked very carefully, so that the funding requirement is determined, which also needs timeframe for the implementation. it is going to take approval, time and funding to start defining the requirements of business. Australia Post has to decide, where it has to go by scaling up the predictive analytics and based on that it needs to make the investments in the new software and hardware. Meanwhile Australia Post has decided to fine tune the current operations by predictive analysis, by feeding more and more information so that the better accuracy in the predictions of cash-flow can be achieved. Summary Australia Post advises to focus right at the beginning of the goal, so that it can improve the chances to get the seeker to reach those goals. Though there are plenty technical challenges, clear understanding of the goal of what to be achieved and common sense have taken the Australia Post to the goal (Schutz, Plant, 2012). Conclusion The business world is experiencing a never before explosion of large scale data that is made available as raw data that can be processed in many ways, by customizing to the needs and requirements of the businesses. Australian Post is a biggest postal service retailer in Astralia with about 4500 outlets in the country. Big Data is large data sets that can be made available, about the customer and their detailed information. This information can be potential for the company and it helps to make increased business, along with the increased retention of the customer. Australia Post uses the big data technology towards delivery of the better value to the better support or service and business through the data analytics improvement, which helps to map out in optimizing the practices and strategies of marketing and the customer journey. The technology is applied to its three of core areas, like parcels and logistics services, letters and associated services and agency services and retail merchandise. Predictive analysis has been employed for various operations of the company and the company has been making up the arrangements to scale up these applications and technologies, within the organizations. References Schutz, L. Plant. G. (2012) Big data Buzzword, headache, distraction or opportunity? Post Connect, White paper big data, Viewed on 29 May, 2016 and accessible over https://auspost.com.au/media/documents/big-data-white-paper.pdf Thanh, T, (2016). Big scandal, big data, big opportunity. ACL services. Retrieved on 29 May, 2016, https://www.acl.com/2016/05/big-scandal-big-data-big-opportunity/ D. The enterprise technologies to watch in 2016, ZDNet. Retrieved on 29 May 2016, https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-enterprise-technologies-to-watch-in-2016/ L Plant.G. Big data buzzword, headache, distraction or opportunity?. Whitepaper, Big Data. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://auspost.com.au/media/documents/big-data-white-paper.pdf S. (2013) Spending big on big data, ITPRO. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/spending-big-on-big-data-20130422-2iaho.html H. (2012). Predictive analytics pays off for Australia Post. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://www.cio.com.au/article/439943/predictive_analytics_pays_off_australia_post/ A. (2014). Four companies that successfully manage Big Data. Australia Business Review. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/technology/1294/Four-Companies-That-Successfully-Manage-Big-Data Editorial Team. (2014). How your business can use big data. Business Lounge. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://businesslounge.net.au/2014/03/how-your-business-can-use-big-data/ (2015). Adapt or Perish: Australia Post must embrace digital disruption. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. Retrieved on https://theconversation.com/adapt-or-perish-australia-post-must-embrace-digital-disruption-39639 H. Crosby. S. Digital Post: Business transformation and the future sustainability of Australia Post. The McKell Institute. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://mckellinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/pdf/McKell_AusPost.compressed.pdf N. (2013). The keys to smarter data analytics. IDG Communication. Retrieved on 29 May 2016. https://www.cmo.com.au/article/458745/keys_smarter_data_analytics/ Letts, Stephen Letts (25 September 2015)."Australia Post records first full-year loss in three decades". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Daniel Vidoni."History and Assignment of Postcodes". Store Finder Johnston, Eric (23 December 2009)."Rudd's banker stamps his mark on post office".The Sydney Morning Herald. Durie, John (18 June 2010)."Australia Post expands into electronic applications".The Australian. Ryan, Peter Ryan (26 June 2015)."Australia Post to slash 1,900 jobs amid $500m mail losses; boss warns of 'tipping point' as letters business plunges". Australian Broadcasting Commission Gluyas, Richard (2 September 2009)."Australia Post pushes into insurance".The Australian Reichman, O.J.; Jones, M.B.; Schildhauer, M.P. (2011). "Challenges and Opportunities of Open Data in Ecology".Science331 Segaran, Toby; Hammerbacher, Jeff (2009).Beautiful Data: The Stories Behind Elegant Data Solutions. O'Reilly Media Oracle and FSN,(2012). "Mastering Big Data: CFO Strategies to Transform Insight into Opportunity". Snijders, C.; Matzat, U.; Reips, U.-D. (2012)."'Big Data': Big gaps of knowledge in the field of Internet".International Journal of Internet Scienc De Mauro, Andrea; Greco, Marco; Grimaldi, Michele (2016)."A Formal definition of Big Data based on its essential Features".Library Review

Hunger Games Movie vs Book Essay Example

Hunger Games Movie vs Book Essay The Hunger Games The Hunger Games is the first novel of The Hunger Games series written by Suzanne Collins in 2008. This novel is written in the first person point of view of the main character, Katniss Everdeen. Throughout the story, Katniss’s opinions are made clear to the audience. This intriguing novel shares Katniss’s struggles and overall victory of the 74th Annual Hunger Games. The Hunger Games story takes place in a post-apocalyptic society. The Capitol is a highly advance city that holds reign over the 12 districts. The Hunger Games is an annual contest hosted by the Capitol in which each district offers one boy and girl chosen by lottery or by choice, if willing. These tributes fight to the death in an arena where they have to fight for weapons and necessities for survival. Prim Everdeen, Katniss’s sister, is chosen by lottery to be tribute for District 12. Without hesitation, Katniss volunteers to be the tribute for District 12. Katniss and Peeta, the boy tribute from her district, are transported to the Capitol. This is where the audience gets to see the difference between the 12 districts. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Movie vs Book specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Movie vs Book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Movie vs Book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Katniss’s district, District 12, is the poorest, where many people starve to death; however, District 1 is the wealthiest and don’t face the same challenges as Katniss. The tributes from District 1 and 2 are trained from birth to be tributes in the Hunger Games. These â€Å"Career† tributes volunteer themselves to participate in the Hunger Games and believe it is an honor to serve their district. This story leads the audience in further when Peeta confesses his love for Katniss during the interviews held prior to the Games. When the Games begin, Katniss shows her true ability to survive in the wilderness. She uses her knowledge from surviving in District 12 to help her eat and sleep high in the trees. In the beginning of the Hunger Games, Peeta forms an alliance with the Career tributes, while Katniss forms an alliance and friendship with Rue, the tribute from District 11. After Rue is killed, Katniss is back to surviving the games on her own until the announcer informs the tributes that two contestants can win if they are from the same district. Katniss finds Peeta and nurses him back to health. Finally, the only tributes that are left are Katniss, Peeta, and the Career Tribute from District 1. The tribute is eaten by â€Å"mutations†, which nearly killed Katniss and Peeta. However, the tributes from District 12 are not out of the Games, because the announcer tells them that the rules have changed once again and now only one may be victor. When neither Katniss nor Peeta can kill each other, they decide to eat the night lock berries which would kill them immediately. Quickly, the announcer declares that Katniss and Peeta are both the victors of the 74th Annual Hunger Games. The Hunger Games was later turned into a movie in 2012. The book and the movie have several similarities. In both the movie and the novel, Katniss volunteers for the Games, saving her sister Prim. Another comparison is the Capitol’s power amongst the 12 districts. The most important similarity is that in both the novel and the movie, Peeta states that he does not want the Games to change him, for he wants to stay true to himself. Katniss does not know how that is possible, until she participates in the Hunger Games. In both the movie and the novel, Peeta does not murder any other tributes during the Games. The novel has some major differences as well. The mockingjay pin that Katniss wears for good luck represents District 12. In the book she receives this gift from the mayor’s daughter, Madge; however, in the movie, Katniss receives this pin from her younger sister, Prim. Another difference is Katniss’s relationship with her ally Rue. In the book, the author emphasizes their relationship and how they work together as a team during the Hunger Games. However, in the movie they keep their relationship short. The last difference occurs at the end of the novel. In the novel the beasts that kill the last tribute are called â€Å"muttations. † There are 9 of these beasts which resemble the fallen tributes. In the movie they are just beastly looking mutated dogs. The Hunger Games is a great book. It shows the differences in social class and has many underlying meanings. The movie was just as good and follows the plot very well. It was a little more futuristic looking than I had imagined from the novel, but still captured the overall theme well.

How to manage someone older than you

How to manage someone older than you Most of us are used to a certain dynamic at work- those above us in the pecking order have typically been in the workforce longer and are older, and those below us are relatively newer to the world of work and are likely younger. However, this dynamic has effectively been thrown overboard in a wide array of industries. Today, we’re seeing younger and younger individuals in positions of power and influence in the workforce, and these days it’s not uncommon for the power hierarchy to be reversed, with older individuals reporting to younger bosses. According to a recent article in Harvard Business Review, â€Å"Younger bosses- already prevalent in industries like IT, professional services, and accounting- will likely become more so as ‘companies promote young Millennials into leadership positions and organizations make more of an effort to retain top talent,’ says Jeanne C. Meister, a founding partner of Future Workplace, the human resources consultancy, and coauthor of  The 2020 Workplace. ‘It’s a potentially uncomfortable, potentially conflict-ridden situation,’ she says, ‘but it doesn’t have to be.’†The truth is, managing someone older than you- or vice versa- can be a challenge, but so is any power dynamic between two individuals with distinct personalities and backgrounds. Sometimes this â€Å"reverse dynamic† works well, and older individuals take advantage of the opportunity to acquire a fresh and modern knowhow and skill set from their younger supervisors, while other times there’s a bit more friction. While there are no hard and fast rules that are guaranteed to work in every situation, there are some things that can be done to help ease this possibly delicate situation.If you’ve found yourself in the position of managing someone who’s older than you, use the following strategies to maximize the chances that this working dynamic will be a smooth and eff icient relationship.Lose the ego.Okay, you may be the young hotshot at your office, but if you have an older employee reporting to you it won’t do you any favors to keep reminding them of this. They already know you’re younger and in a position of power, so mentioning this over and over again will only make things worse. Try being a bit more humble- it often works well on younger and older employees alike.Be ready to listen.People appreciate it when they feel that their voices are being heard, and they have respect for those who are willing to hear their point of view. Listening puts others at ease and empowers and motivates them to do their best work. Isn’t that what you want from someone who reports to you?Motivate respectfully.Skip the platitudes and demeaning clichà ©s; chances are, they’ve heard them all before. Also, having them come from someone younger could really backfire. Be respectful when trying to motivate an older employee and you’l l increase the chances of getting positive results.Be open to learning.Just as you’d like to be respected in the workplace, older employees would like to be respected for the wealth of experience and skills that they bring to the table. The most effective supervisor-subordinate relationships are those that demonstrate mutual respect and a willingness from both sides to learn and benefit from each other. If you’re managing someone older than you, be open to the learning experience going both ways.Demonstrate value.In any good supervisor-subordinate relationship, the supervisor makes it clear that they have valuable knowledge and skills to pass along. Older employees can typically benefit from learning modern technology and skill sets for example, and if you’re the type of supervisor who’s willing to demonstrate this sort of value, you’re more than likely to earn the respect and dedication of an older employee.The world of work is changing rapidly in many exciting ways, and all the old career rules are rapidly flying out the window. In order to keep up, new rules need to be written, including how to handle the â€Å"younger boss/older employee† dynamic. If you find yourself in this position, fear not- use the strategies mentioned here and you’ll be setting yourself up for lasting success.

You can choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

You can choose the topic - Essay Example She as well examined anything she could come across concerning every level of the pregnancy and she trained each day. She felt great and her blood job was the best the doctor’s office had witnessed in a pregnancy in a lengthy time. She then studied techniques of delivery and after taking part in many classes and examining a bunch of manuscripts; she concluded that the best would be for her to undergo labor and delivery logically. Susan and her husband had a personal teacher who directed them on the Bradley Technique of childbirth that educated one of how to respire and concentrate. She did not need the epidural medicines in her child’s bloodstream and understood it would likely remain uneasy for the baby; however, it would be good for the child. She had absolutely no difficulties in her pregnancy. When the day at last arrived that her water impulsively cracked at 41 weeks, her initial experience with labor started. She underwent 19 hours of labor, however, the final couple of hours were the major passionate from the moment they concluded to start Pitocin. Lastly, at 9.20 PM on July 31 1998, their young son came into this globe weighing 9 Ibs and 7.6 oz. the baby was 21 inches tall and produced a healthy cry. There was absence of difficulties in labor or delivery. The baby began breastfeeding inside ten minutes of birth and was 9/9 on the APGAR scale. As previously said, she studied and examined anything she could come across while she was pregnant to make well-versed decisions. This was her personality and likely an item of her career of being a health transcriptionist. She had the OB/GYN mark a three page typewritten Birth Plan that she had collected after carrying all the study and looking for the matters that were significant to her. The Birth Plan was inclusive of Labor, Delivery, and Postpartum aspirations. She had the ability to study, examine all the views, and make conclusions on what they considered best for